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IRA links were arrested in Colombia; although these men were later
acquitted, improvements in FARC tactics and other factors strongly sug-
gest IRA assistance).17 Information flow on effective techniques may
occur even without direct contact between groups. There are claims that
al-Qaida sympathizers have received instruction in maritime terrorist
techniques perfected by the Tamil separatists of the LTTE.18
Certain areas of the world have become petri dishes for terrorism,
including the remote triborder region of Paraguay, Argentina, and
Brazil. The U.S. military has reported this area serves as a support
base for HAMAS, as well as the Islamic extremist groups Hizballah
and Islamaya al Gama at. These organizations generate revenue in
the triborder area through illicit activities that include drug and arms
trafficking, counterfeiting, money laundering, forged travel docu-
ments, and even software and music piracy. Additionally, these
organizations provide safe havens and assistance to other terrorists
that transit the region, claimed one report to Congress.19
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114 PART 2 " UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM
PROFI LES OF SI GNI FI CANT
I NTERNATI ONAL TERRORI ST GROUPS
For detailed information on significant terrorist groups see Appendix 1.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Over the last three decades, the primary terrorist threat to the U.S.
homeland from international terrorists has shifted from traditional
groups motivated by ideological, nationalist, and state-sponsor goals
to Islamic extremists. However, several nationalist and ideological
groups, along with the remnants of the Aum Shinrikyo cult, maintain
both a capability to strike U.S. citizens and a hostility toward U.S.
policies. History also indicates the likelihood that additional interna-
tional terrorist threats will emerge against the United States.
CHAPTER QUI Z
1. What is international terrorism?
2. List two major international terrorist groups, other than al-
Qaida, that have conducted support operations in the United
States during recent years.
3. Identify a major international terrorist group, other than al-
Qaida, with the capability to attack U.S. citizens.
4. What is narco-terrorism?
5. Name a terrorist state sponsor that has dramatically reduced its
support for terrorism in recent years and another that has not.
NOTES
1. U.S. State Department, Patterns of Global Terrorism 1999 (2000), p. 32.
2. Sam J. Tangredi, The Future Security Environment, 2001-2025: Toward a Consensus
View. In QDR 2001 Strategy-Driven Choices for America s Security, edited by Michèle A.
Flournoy (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 2001), p. 28. Tangredi s assess-
ment was reached by comparing 35 major assessments of the future security environment
conducted in the decade after the end of the Cold War.
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CHAPTER 6 " THE TRANSNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF TERRORISM 115
3. John Springer, LaGuardia Christmas Bombing; 27 Years Later, Case Still Unsolved,
Court TV (December 2002),
www.courttv.com/news/hiddentraces/laguardia/page1.html.
4. Leslie Maitland, Witnesses Tell of Horror, New York Times (December 30, 1975): 75.
5. On Cuban support for the FALN, see, for example, Edmund Mahoney, A Man and a
Movement in Cuba s Grip, The Hartford Courant (November 7, 1999): A1.
6. UN Global Report on Crime and Justice (1999); Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue about the Future
with Nongovernment Experts, National Intelligence Council (December 2000), p. 41;
International Crime Control, Government Accounting Office (August 2001), GAO-01-629.
7. Phil Williams, Transnational Criminal Networks. In Networks and Netwars, edited by
John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt (Santa Monica: RAND, 2001), pp. 63 64.
8. Phil Williams, Combating Transnational Organized Crime. In Transnational Threats:
Blending Law Enforcement and Military Strategies, edited by Carolyn W. Pumphrey (Carlisle,
PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2000), pp. 190 191; Thomas V. Fuentes, Phil Williams
View of Criminal Organizations and Drug Trafficking: Another Perspective. In
Transnational Threats, p. 204.
9. Glenn E. Curtis and Tara Karacan., The Nexus among Terrorists, Narcotics Traffickers,
Weapons Proliferators, and Organized Crime Networks in Western Europe,
Congressional Research Service (2002).
10. Statement for the Record of Louis J. Freeh, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, on
International Crime before Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Senate Committee on
Appropriations (April 21, 1998), www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/freeh328.htm.
11. Statement of Karen P. Tandy, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, before the
House Committee on International Relations (February 12, 2004),
www.dea.gov/pubs/cngrtest/ct021204.htm.
12. Statement of Asa Hutchinson, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, before
the Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and
Government Information (March 13, 2002), www.dea.gov/pubs/cngrtest/ct031302.html.
13. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Summary of
Investigation of IRA Links to FARC Narco-Terrorists in Columbia (April 24 2002),
www.house.gov/international_relations/findings.htm.
14. Ibid.
15. Department of Justice, Attorney General Ashcroft Announces Indictments of FARC
Members on Drug Trafficking, Hostage Taking Charges (November 13, 2002),
www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2002/November/02_crm_667.htm.
16. Department of Justice, PIJ Support (February 3, 2003),
www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/February/03_crm_099.htm.
17. House International Relations Committee, Summary of Investigation of IRA Links to
FARC Narco-Terrorists in Columbia. U.S. House of Representatives (April 24, 2002),
wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/107/findings.htm.
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